In international trade, when drafting international contracts, the
parties usually focus on the terms of payment and expense but little attention
to terms of dispute settlement. Thus, the parties should be aware that the
disagreements and disputes can arise at any time. Therefore, in the process of
concluding an international economic agreement, the parties should note the
provisions on the selection methods of dispute settlement if a dispute occurs.
Currently, there are 4 dispute resolution methods in
international trade as follows: negotiation, mediation,
commercial arbitration and court.
Negotiation
Negotiation is a settlement method which is usually applied in
international dispute settlement. In particular, the parties discuss together,
struggle, compromise and agree to settle the dispute. The result of the
negotiation is that the dispute could be resolve or not. Negotiation is
conducted in two ways: The two parties directly meet each other to discuss and
deal or one party submit complaint to the other party and the other party
answers the complaint.
Mediation
Mediation is the method of resolving dispute between the parties
through the role of a third party. Mediation can be accomplished by two ways:
One is that the parties agree with each other about mediation, the mediator
will be designated and conduct the mediation without following any rules of
mediation. The second way is that the parties agree to conduct the mediation
under rules of a professional organization or one specific arbitration
institution, such as mediation rules of the International Chamber of Commerce
(ICC).
Commercial arbitration
Arbitration is a method of dispute settlement arising in trade
activities that are agreed between the parties and carried out according to the
order and proceedings. Presently, there are kinds of arbitration such as: ad
hoc arbitration and permanent arbitration.
Court
The 3 dispute settlement methods above are voluntary in nature.
They are different from the dispute settlement in accordance with judicial
procedures at court. The settlement of dispute by court is to resolve dispute
through the activities of the State tribunals. Therefore, litigants in the
dispute are often considered as a final solution to protect their legitimate
interests. Especially, when there is a conflict, the parties will choose the
form of trade negotiation or mediation rather than commercial arbitration or
court.
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